It's not just humans who have a moral compass, animals too possess a sense of morality which allows them to tell the difference between right and wrong.
That's the conclusion of a new book.
Boffins who study animal behaviour reckon they have evidence to prove that species ranging from mice to primates are governed by moral codes of conduct in the same way as humans, The Telegraph reported.
However, Prof Marc Bekoff, an ecologist at University of Colorado, Boulder, believes that morals are "hard-wired" into the brains of all mammals and provide the "social glue" that allow often aggressive and competitive animals to live together in groups.
Bekoff reached the conclusion after compiling evidence from around the world that shows how different species of animals appear to have an innate sense of fairness, display empathy and help other animals that are in distress.
Prof Bekoff, who presents his case in a new book Wild Justice, said: "The belief that humans have morality and animals don't is a long-standing assumption, but there is a growing amount of evidence that is showing us that this simply cannot be the case.
"Just as in humans, the moral nuances of a particular culture or group will be different from another, but they are certainly there. Moral codes are species specific, so they can be difficult to compare with each other or with humans."
Prof Bekoff believes morals developed in animals to help regulate behaviour in social groups of animals such as wolves and primates.
He claims that these rules help to control fighting within the group and encourage co-operative behaviour.
Prof Bekoff, who co-wrote the book with moral philosopher Jessica Pierce, also from the University of Colorado, added: "There are cases of dolphins helping humans to escape from sharks and elephants that have helped antelope escape from enclosures. While it is difficult to know for certain that there is cross species empathy, it is hard to argue against it."
Showing posts with label Information. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Information. Show all posts
Monday, 25 May 2009
Thursday, 21 May 2009
Does it make sense??!!
U.S. President J.F. Kennedy in a two-piece, single-breasted suitIts ( Garments)Its All about Suit.
A suit is a set of garments crafted from the same cloth, consisting of at least a jacket and trousers. Lounge suits are the most common style of Western suit, originating in England as country wear. Other types of suit still worn today are firstly the dinner suit, part of black tie, which arose as a lounging alternative to dress coats in much the same way as the day lounge suit came to replace frock and morning coats; and secondly, rarely worn today, the morning suit. This article discusses the lounge suit (including business suits), which is part of the 'informal' dress code.
Parts of a suit
There are many possible variations in the choice of the style, the garments and the details of a suit
The cut : The silhouette of a suit is its outline. No suit is skin-tight; the amount of extra fabric and the way it hangs is known as the drape. The shape of the front of the suit is particularly affected by the way the suit buttons. The two main cuts consist firstly of double-breasted suits, a conservative design with two vertical rows of buttons, spanned by a large overlap of the left and right sides; and secondly, single-breasted suits, on which the sides just meet at the front down a single row of buttons.
British suits are characterised by moderately tapered sides, minimal shoulder padding, and two vents. Italian suits are characterised by strongly padded shoulders, strongly tapered sides, and no vent. American suits are considered more casual than the preceding styles, and are characterised by moderate shoulder padding, minimally tapered sides, and a single vent. The sack suit is a loose American style. Contemporary is a term that includes a variety of recently designed garments that do not fit into the preceding categories.
Fabric : Suits are made in a variety of fabrics, but most commonly from wool. The two main yarns produce worsteds (where the fibres are combed before spinning) and woollens (where they are not). These can be woven in a number of ways producing flannel, tweed, gabardine, and fresco among others. These fabrics all have different weights and feel, and some fabrics have an S (or Super S) number describing the fineness of the fibres. For hot weather, linen is also used, and in North America cotton seersucker is worn. Other materials are used sometimes, such as cashmere.Silk and silk blended with wool are sometimes used. Synthetic materials, while cheap, are very rarely recommended by experts.
The main three colours for suits work in business are light grey, dark grey, and navy, either with or without patterns. In particular, grey flannel suiting has been worn very widely since the 1930s. In non-business settings or less-formal business contexts, brown is another important colour; olive also occurs. In summer, lighter shades, such as tan or cream, are popular
Jacket : Single- vs. double-breasted jacketMost single-breasted suits have two or three buttons, and one or four buttons are unusual. It is rare to find a suit with more than four buttons, although zoot suits can have as many as six or more due to their longer length. There is also variation in the placement and style of buttons, since the button placement is critical to the overall impression of height conveyed by the jacket. The centre or top button will typically line up quite closely with the natural waistline.
Lapels : The jacket's lapels can be notched (sometimes called "stepped"), peaked, shawl, or "trick" (Mandarin and other unconventional styles). Each lapel style carries different connotations, and is worn with different cuts of suit. Notched lapels are only found on single-breasted jackets and are the most informal style. Double-breasted jackets usually have peaked lapels. Shawl lapels are a style derived from the Victorian informal evening wear, and as such are not normally seen on suit jackets except for dinner suits.
Pockets : Most jackets have a variety of inner pockets, and two main outer pockets, which are generally either patch pockets, flap pockets, or jetted pockets.The patch pocket is, with its single extra piece of cloth sewn directly onto the front of the jacket, a sporting option, sometimes seen on summer linen suits, or other informal styles. The flap pocket is standard for side pockets, and has an extra lined flap of matching fabric covering the top of the pocket. A jetted pocket is most formal, with a small strip of fabric taping the top and bottom of the slit for the pocket. This style is most often on seen on formalwear, such as a dinner jacket
Sleeves : Suit jackets in all styles typically have three or four buttons on each cuff, which are often purely decorative (the sleeve is sewn closed and cannot be unbuttoned to open). Five buttons are unusual, but are a modern fashion innovation.
Vents : A vent is a slit in the bottom rear (the "tail") of the jacket. Originally, vents were a sporting option, designed to make riding easier, so are traditional on hacking jackets, formal coats such as a morning coat, and, for reasons of pragmatism, overcoats. Today there are three styles of venting: the single-vented style (with one vent at the centre); the ventless style; and the double-vented style (one vent on each side).
Waistcoats : Waistcoats (often called vests in the USA) were almost always worn with suits prior to the 1940s. They were revived in the 1970s and remained popular throughout that decade in some parts of the world, and remain popular still, particularly for example in Germany. Waistcoats can be either single-breasted or double-breasted
Trousers : Suit trousers are always made of the same material as the jacket. Even from the 1910s to 1920s, before the invention of sports jackets specifically to be worn with odd trousers, wearing a suit jacket with odd trousers was as an alternative to a full suit. However, with the modern advent of sports jackets, suit jackets are always worn with matching trousers, and the trousers have always been worn with the appropriate jacket
Breeches : As an alternative to trousers, breeches (or knickers in variations of English where this does not refer to underwear) may be worn with informal suits, such as tweed. These are shorter, descending to just below the knees, fastened closely at the top of the calf by a tab or button cuff. While once common, they are now typically only worn when engaged in traditional outdoor sports, such as shooting
Monday, 18 May 2009
It was a monster !!??
Styracosaurus was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period (Campanian stage), about 76.5 to 75.0 million years ago. It had four to six long horns extending from its neck frill, a smaller horn on each of its cheeks, and a single horn protruding from its nose, which may have reached dimensions of around 60 centimeters (2 ft) long and 15 centimeters (6 in) wide. The function or functions of the horns and frills have been the subject of debate for many years.
Styracosaurus was a large dinosaur, reaching lengths of 5.5 meters (18 ft) and weighing nearly 3 tons. It stood about 1.8 meters (6 ft) tall. Styracosaurus possessed four short legs and a bulky body. Its tail was rather short. It also had a beak and flat cheek teeth, indicating that its diet was herbivorous. Like other ceratopsians, this dinosaur may have been a herd animal, traveling in large groups, as suggested by bonebeds.
Named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913, Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae. Two species, S. albertensis and S. ovatus are currently assigned to Styracosaurus. Other species assigned to the genus have since been reassigned elsewhere.
Individuals of the Styracosaurus genus were approximately 5.5 m (18 ft) long as adults and weighed around 2.7 tons. The skull was massive, with a large nostril, a tall straight nose horn, and a parietosquasomal frill (a neck frill) crowned with at least four large spikes. Each of the four longest frill spines was comparable in length to the nose horn, at 50 to 55 centimeters long (19.7 to 21.7 in). The nasal horn is estimated at 57 centimeters long (19.7 in) in the type specimen, but the horn is only partially complete. Based on other nasal horn cores from Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus, this horn may have come to a rounded point at around half of that length.
Aside from the large nasal horn and four long frill spikes, the cranial ornamentation was variable. Some individuals had small hook-like projections and knobs at the posterior margin of the frill, similar to but smaller than those in Centrosaurus. Others had less prominent tabs. Some, like the type individual, had a third pair of long frill spikes. Others had much smaller projections. The second species, S. ovatus, had only four large spikes, but the inner pair curved toward each other, the opposite of what is seen in the much better known S. albertensis. Other small points are found on the side margins of some but not all specimens. Modest pyramid-shaped brow horns were present in subadults, but were replaced by pits in adults. Like most ceratopsids, Styracosaurus had large fenestrae (skull openings) in its frill. The front of the mouth had a toothless beak.
Artist's impression of StyracosaurusThe bulky body of Styracosaurus resembled that of a rhinoceros. It had powerful shoulders which may have been useful in intraspecies combat. Styracosaurus had a relatively short tail. Each toe bore a hooflike ungual which was sheathed in horn.
Various limb positions have been proposed for Styracosaurus and ceratopsids in general, including forelegs which were held underneath the body, or, alternately, held in a sprawling position. The most recent work has put forward an intermediate crouched position as most likely. Paleontologists Gregory Paul and Per Christiansen of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark proposed that large ceratopsians such as Styracosaurus were able to run at speeds exceeding that of an elephant, based on possible ceratopsian trackways which did not exhibit signs of sprawling forelimbs
Styracosaurus was a large dinosaur, reaching lengths of 5.5 meters (18 ft) and weighing nearly 3 tons. It stood about 1.8 meters (6 ft) tall. Styracosaurus possessed four short legs and a bulky body. Its tail was rather short. It also had a beak and flat cheek teeth, indicating that its diet was herbivorous. Like other ceratopsians, this dinosaur may have been a herd animal, traveling in large groups, as suggested by bonebeds.
Named by Lawrence Lambe in 1913, Styracosaurus is a member of the Centrosaurinae. Two species, S. albertensis and S. ovatus are currently assigned to Styracosaurus. Other species assigned to the genus have since been reassigned elsewhere.
Individuals of the Styracosaurus genus were approximately 5.5 m (18 ft) long as adults and weighed around 2.7 tons. The skull was massive, with a large nostril, a tall straight nose horn, and a parietosquasomal frill (a neck frill) crowned with at least four large spikes. Each of the four longest frill spines was comparable in length to the nose horn, at 50 to 55 centimeters long (19.7 to 21.7 in). The nasal horn is estimated at 57 centimeters long (19.7 in) in the type specimen, but the horn is only partially complete. Based on other nasal horn cores from Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus, this horn may have come to a rounded point at around half of that length.
Aside from the large nasal horn and four long frill spikes, the cranial ornamentation was variable. Some individuals had small hook-like projections and knobs at the posterior margin of the frill, similar to but smaller than those in Centrosaurus. Others had less prominent tabs. Some, like the type individual, had a third pair of long frill spikes. Others had much smaller projections. The second species, S. ovatus, had only four large spikes, but the inner pair curved toward each other, the opposite of what is seen in the much better known S. albertensis. Other small points are found on the side margins of some but not all specimens. Modest pyramid-shaped brow horns were present in subadults, but were replaced by pits in adults. Like most ceratopsids, Styracosaurus had large fenestrae (skull openings) in its frill. The front of the mouth had a toothless beak.
Artist's impression of StyracosaurusThe bulky body of Styracosaurus resembled that of a rhinoceros. It had powerful shoulders which may have been useful in intraspecies combat. Styracosaurus had a relatively short tail. Each toe bore a hooflike ungual which was sheathed in horn.
Various limb positions have been proposed for Styracosaurus and ceratopsids in general, including forelegs which were held underneath the body, or, alternately, held in a sprawling position. The most recent work has put forward an intermediate crouched position as most likely. Paleontologists Gregory Paul and Per Christiansen of the Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark proposed that large ceratopsians such as Styracosaurus were able to run at speeds exceeding that of an elephant, based on possible ceratopsian trackways which did not exhibit signs of sprawling forelimbs
Saturday, 9 May 2009
Mother,s Day
The modern Mother's Day holiday was created by Anna Jarvis as a day for each family to honor their mother,and it's now celebrated on various days in many places around the world. It complements Father's Day, the celebration honoring fathers.
This holiday is relatively modern, being created at the start of the 20th century, and should not be confused with the early pagan and Christian traditions honoring mothers, or with the 16th century celebration of Mothering Sunday, which is also known as Mother's Day in the UK.
In most countries the Mother's Day celebration is a recent holiday derived from the original US celebration. Exceptions are, for example, the Mothering Sunday holiday in the UK.
It is celebrated in the United States each year on the second Sunday of May.
Historical antecedents
Different countries celebrate Mother's Day on various days of the year because the day has a number of different origins.
One school of though Claims this day emerged from a custom of mother worship in ancient Greece, which kept a festival to Cybele, a great mother of Greek gods. This festival was held around the Vernal Equinox around Asia Minor and eventually in Rome itself from the Ides of March (15 March) to 18 March.
The ancient Romans also had another holiday, Matronalia, that was dedicated to Juno, though mothers were usually given gifts on this day.
In addition to Mother's Day, International Women's Day is celebrated in many countries on March 8
This holiday is relatively modern, being created at the start of the 20th century, and should not be confused with the early pagan and Christian traditions honoring mothers, or with the 16th century celebration of Mothering Sunday, which is also known as Mother's Day in the UK.
In most countries the Mother's Day celebration is a recent holiday derived from the original US celebration. Exceptions are, for example, the Mothering Sunday holiday in the UK.
It is celebrated in the United States each year on the second Sunday of May.
Historical antecedents
Different countries celebrate Mother's Day on various days of the year because the day has a number of different origins.
One school of though Claims this day emerged from a custom of mother worship in ancient Greece, which kept a festival to Cybele, a great mother of Greek gods. This festival was held around the Vernal Equinox around Asia Minor and eventually in Rome itself from the Ides of March (15 March) to 18 March.
The ancient Romans also had another holiday, Matronalia, that was dedicated to Juno, though mothers were usually given gifts on this day.
In addition to Mother's Day, International Women's Day is celebrated in many countries on March 8
Monday, 4 May 2009
Swine Flue (H1N!)
How to Stay Healthy During the Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic
The recent outbreak of swine-origin influenza virus A (also termed H1N1), or more commonly as "swine flu," has many people concerned about their health. These concerns are justified but need to be placed into a perceptive to avoid a social panic that will not benefit anyone. Swine flu is a respiratory disease found in pigs caused by type A flu virus. It is contagious the same way any other known influenza virus is transmitted which includes person to person contact via coughing and sneezing. Swine flu cannot be transmitted by eating or handling pork, and properly cooked pork is safe to be consumed. Also, as with any influenza outbreak people with underlying medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, poorly controlled diabetes and similar clinical conditions are likely more susceptible to acquiring swine flu if they come into contact with the virus. It is essential to remember that for anyone, regardless of their health status, the only way to get swine flu is that the individual has to come into contact with a person actively infected with a confirmed case of H1N1. This article is going to help you understand how to prevent swine flu, review the symptoms of infection, examine prevention and treatment interventions that are effective and available.
Instructions
The recent outbreak of swine-origin influenza virus A (also termed H1N1), or more commonly as "swine flu," has many people concerned about their health. These concerns are justified but need to be placed into a perceptive to avoid a social panic that will not benefit anyone. Swine flu is a respiratory disease found in pigs caused by type A flu virus. It is contagious the same way any other known influenza virus is transmitted which includes person to person contact via coughing and sneezing. Swine flu cannot be transmitted by eating or handling pork, and properly cooked pork is safe to be consumed. Also, as with any influenza outbreak people with underlying medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, poorly controlled diabetes and similar clinical conditions are likely more susceptible to acquiring swine flu if they come into contact with the virus. It is essential to remember that for anyone, regardless of their health status, the only way to get swine flu is that the individual has to come into contact with a person actively infected with a confirmed case of H1N1. This article is going to help you understand how to prevent swine flu, review the symptoms of infection, examine prevention and treatment interventions that are effective and available.
Instructions
Step 1
The basics of infection are simple and you already know them. However, it may be a good time for you to sit down with your family and review them.
a. Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables.
b. Keep yourself hydrated by drinking enough water.
c. Get adequate rest and exercise to help you immune system function properly.
d. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or one of the many over the counter hand sanitizers. Hands should always be washed after using a bathroom, eating, sneezing, coughing, or touching any object that may be contaminated with significant bacteria or viruses. A simple to rule to follow is that if you have any doubt about if you should be washing your hands then you should indeed be washing them!
e. If you develop cold-like symptoms, even mild one, it is best to stay home from work, school, and social events for the time being. If your cold symptoms are more likely “common cold” that will usually typically respond to your usual self-care interventions. However, if they worsen you should contact your medical provider immediately. (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also suggest that anyone who is strongly suspected of having contracted swine flu be asked to wear a disposable face mask to prevent possible transmission to others.)
Step 2
It is important to know the signs and symptoms of swine flu in order to protect yourself and your family. However, remember that swine flu presents like virtually any other flu-like syndrome so while it is prudent to be cautious the odds of you NOT coming into contract with someone with cold-like or allergy symptoms this time of year are fairly remote so please do not over react. Remember, the only way to get infected with swine flu is to come into contact with someone who has a confirmed case of the virus or touching a swine flu virus contaminated object.
The basic symptoms of swine flu include: fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Diarrhea and vomiting have also been reported but to a lesser extent.
Step 3
Since it not yet know how easily swine flu is transmitted between people it may be wise to avoid close contact with people who are displaying flu-like symptoms. However, this should action should not interrupted as to isolate yourself from an ill individual if you feel well and are following the prevention items listed in step 1. While not yet a standard of care the ill person might provide you with a level of protection if they wear a disposable mask covering their nose and mouth while in your presence.
Step 4
If you have come into contact with a person suspected of having or confirmed with swine flu there are two drugs that can be taken to prevent you from becoming infected with the virus or to lessen the severity of the disease. Currently only two out of the five anti-viral flu drugs are effective against swine flu. The two effective medications are: Oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu ®) to prevent and treat in people 1 year of age or older, and Zanamivir (brand name Relenza ®) is approved to treat people 7 years and older and to prevent influenza A and B virus infection in people 5 years and older. Currently there health authorities are testing other medications, but as of now only Tamiflu and Relenza are known to help with swine flu infection. Generally treatment for swine flu is a five day course of therapy and ten days are required for prevention control.
It is also important to note that these drugs are NOT in short supply or difficult to manufacture. There is no reason to stock pile drugs or panic.
Step 5
Stay informed. The science and knowledge of swine flu infection and treatment is rapidly evolving on a daily basis which is NORMAL when there is a flu breakout. Newly developed information should not be considered a concern for panic. It should be viewed as scientific advancement the health care community learns more about this emerging infection.
Sunday, 3 May 2009
How to Earn Money Blogging!!
Blogging and money online!!
Blogging is an excellent online income opportunity that has become extremely popular in recent years. You can use free blogging sites such as WordPress or Blogger, and it's not going to cost a thing to start blogging for money. There are many different online income opportunities for making money from a blog.
Instructions
Step 1
Make Money Blogging From Pay Per Click Advertisements
Many people who start up blogs to make money earn most of their income from pay per click advertising revenue. The way this blog money making method works is that they simply place a small HTML code from Google on their blog, and when visitors come to read the content, those visitors might click on the advertisements. Every time an ad gets clicked on their site, the blogger earns money online.
Step 2
Make Money Blogging From Direct Advertising
If a blog gets very popular with the audience and receives a high number of daily visitors, the blogger will then have other online income opportunities open up. These extra income opportunities will usually come in the form of direct advertising. In this case scenario the blogger might be offered several hundred dollars or more just to put an ad on their webpages instead of getting paid just a few dollars or cents each time someone clicks an ad.
Step 3
Make Money Blogging From Selling Products
Quite a few Bloggers also can make a lot of money online from selling their own products. It is really not that hard to write an ebook or create a special report about something you know well and offer it for sale on your blog. You can also create your own coffee mugs or t-shirts for instance, and earn money from your blog when those sell. You can also recommended books or other products available for purchase from other sources, and earn very generous sales commissions when your visitors buy those products.
How to Earn Money Online
Money online
Many people dream of the ability to quit their job and stay rich earning income online at home. However, they do not have clear ideas on how we can earn income online. All they know is to join some pyramid schemes online and hopefully they can earn their money fast in that way. What they do not know is that this kind of scheme do not last long and might cause them to fall into further debt and the ruin of their trust and reputation. Here I am going to review the real ways honest people earn money online ...
Many people dream of the ability to quit their job and stay rich earning income online at home. However, they do not have clear ideas on how we can earn income online. All they know is to join some pyramid schemes online and hopefully they can earn their money fast in that way. What they do not know is that this kind of scheme do not last long and might cause them to fall into further debt and the ruin of their trust and reputation. Here I am going to review the real ways honest people earn money online ...
Instructions
Step 1
Do a massive studies online to find out who are the masters or gurus that earn their wealth online. One key point to know whether he/she is a true master/guru is by studying his/her background. Most of the masters do not involve immediately in selling internet marketing products at the beginning of their careers. Most of them specialized in their niche areas before they become success and start teaching peoples how to earn money online. For example, I myself earned my income in health related product by starting my website at http://www.yourhealthproduct.com before involving in selling internet marketing related products. This is because I must show some results before teaching peoples how to do the exactly same way I am doing. Sound logical?
Step2 ( Its the most easiest way)
The first way to earn money online is through blog. Start a blog of something you are interested on and can provide valuable information on. On your blog, you provide advertisement spaces so you can earn some passive income while others visit your site and click your advertisement. The key point here is to have valuable information where people will come back again and again to view your articles. Besides, you should have massive traffic to your blog everyday.
Step 3
The second way you can earn money online is by joining affiliate program. Affiliate program allow you to earn money from the prospects you referred to directed sites. For example, you refer your customer to a website that is selling health-related product. If the customer buys the product, you will immediately earn your income
Step 4
The third way you can earn money online is by selling reseller products provided by some internet marketers. Reseller products are created by some internet marketers for people who are interested to earn money online but do not have products to sell. The things you should do is get some resell products, set a website, drag traffic to your site and wait for people to come to your site to buy the products. You have to control the quality of the products you are selling cause selling bad products or useless products will ruin your reputation online.
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